<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<title>立准语-语法</title>
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="favicon.ico" />
<style type="text/css">
.TimesNewRoman {	font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif;
}
.white {	color: #FFF;
}
</style>
<link href="style.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
<style type="text/css">
body {
	background-color: #EEEEEE;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<table width="80%" border="0" align="center">
  <tr>
    <td colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle"><span name="bub" id="bub"><img src="image/bub.png" width="1588" height="210" alt=""/></span></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td align="center" valign="middle"><table width="100%" border="0">
      <tr>
        <td width="15%" align="center" valign="middle" bgcolor="#00B0F0" class="white"><a href="index.html">首页</a></td>
        <td width="15%" align="center" valign="middle" bgcolor="#00B0F0" class="white"><a href="phonology.html">音系</a></td>
        <td width="15%" align="center" valign="middle" bgcolor="#00B0F0" class="white"><a href="orthography.html">正字法</a></td>
        <td width="15%" align="center" valign="middle" bgcolor="#0070C0" class="white">语法</td>
        <td width="15%" align="center" valign="middle" bgcolor="#00B0F0" class="white"><a href="sample.html">例文</a></td>
        <td width="15%" align="center" valign="middle" bgcolor="#00B0F0" class="white"><a href="nivion.html">立准国</a></td>
        <td width="10%" align="center" valign="middle" bgcolor="#FF0000" class="HarinNifikP" style="color: white">Nivoni</td>
      </tr>
    </table></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td valign="middle"><p>立准语词形变化不丰富。单词可分为名词、动词、形容词、数词、副词、连词、介词、口语词。句子语序为主谓宾。</p></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td valign="middle"><p><strong>名词</strong></p>
      <p>以<span class="HarinNifik">-e</span>和<span class="HarinNifik">-nodi</span>结尾的词大多是名词。名词没有性、数、格的变化，通过语序、词缀、冠词、介词来表达语法功能。</p>
      <p>1.前置定冠词<span class="HarinNifik">go</span>表示定指，无<span class="HarinNifik">go</span>表示不定指。如<span class="HarinNifik">chat</span>“猫”，<span class="HarinNifik">go chat</span>“这/那只猫”。</p>
      <p>2.名词没有数的变化，要强调复数时用非强制性的复数后缀<span class="HarinNifik">'u</span>。如<span class="HarinNifik">chat</span>“猫（数量不定）”，<span class="HarinNifik">chat'u</span>“多只猫，猫们”。</p>
      <p>3.领属关系用<span class="HarinNifik">o'</span>和<span class="HarinNifik">i'</span>表达。<span class="HarinNifik">o'</span>表示前者领属后者，<span class="HarinNifik">i'</span>表示后者领属前者。如<span class="HarinNifik">da o'chat</span>，<span class="HarinNifik">chat i'da</span>“我的猫”。</p>
      <p>代词</p>
      <p>代词区分单复数，其中单数有敬称。第一人称复数区分容斥，即<span class="HarinNifik">do</span>包含听话者（类似“咱们”），而<span class="HarinNifik">zwa</span>不包含听话者。</p>
      <table width="50%" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
        <tr>
          <th scope="col">&nbsp;</th>
          <th scope="col">单数</th>
          <th scope="col">单数敬称</th>
          <th colspan="2" scope="col">复数</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <th scope="row">第一人称</th>
          <td align="center" class="HarinNifik">da</td>
          <td align="center" class="HarinNifik">tehnio</td>
          <td align="center"><span class="HarinNifik">do</span>（容）</td>
          <td align="center"><span class="HarinNifik">zwa</span>（斥）</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <th scope="row">第二人称</th>
          <td align="center" class="HarinNifik">oe</td>
          <td align="center" class="HarinNifik">sinio</td>
          <td colspan="2" align="center" class="HarinNifik">odo</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <th scope="row">第三人称</th>
          <td align="center" class="HarinNifik">li</td>
          <td align="center" class="HarinNifik">nibrvio</td>
          <td colspan="2" align="center" class="HarinNifik">lig</td>
        </tr>
      </table></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td valign="middle"><p><strong>动词</strong></p>
      <p>以<span class="HarinNifik">-i</span>和<span class="HarinNifik">-u</span>结尾的大多是动词。</p>
      <p>1.动词根据及物不及物变形。动词原形为及物，不及物则加后缀<span class="HarinNifik">-m</span>。如：</p>
      <p><span class="HarinNifik">Go chat raic gytof.</span> 这只猫追狗。</p>
<p><span class="HarinNifik">Go chat drilipm.</span> 这只猫跑。</p>
      <p>2.被动式用<span class="HarinNifik">e'</span>[动词]表示，若需表示施事者则用<span class="HarinNifik">ču</span>引导。如：</p>
      <p><span class="HarinNifik">Go gytof e'raic ču chat.</span> 这只狗被猫追。</p>
    <p>3.命令式用<span class="HarinNifik">he'</span>[动词]表示。如：</p>
    <p><span class="HarinNifik">He'tum!, da o'odibate.</span> 走吧，我的朋友！</p></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td valign="middle"><p><strong>形容词</strong></p>
    <p>以<span class="HarinNifik">-r</span>结尾的大多是形容词。立准语的形容词可以修饰名词、动词，不需要形式变化。修饰词在被修饰词前。</p>
    <p>如：<span class="HarinNifik">nifik gork</span>“新书”，<span class="HarinNifik">maikr drilip</span>“快跑”</p>
    <p>形容词要后置时在被修饰词与修饰词间加<span class="HarinNifik">pu</span>。如：<span class="HarinNifik">gork pu nifik</span>，<span class="HarinNifik">drilip pu maikr</span>。    </p>
    <p>比较级和最高级分别用<span class="HarinNifik">mi'和ame</span>置于动词前表达，如<span class="HarinNifik">mi'holr</span>“更大”，<span class="HarinNifik">ame holr</span>“最大”。</p></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td valign="middle"><p><strong>指示代词</strong></p>
    <p>指示代词不区分数。其中中指代词<span class="HarinNifik">go</span>在现代成为定冠词，其名词形式<span class="HarinNifik">goe</span>表示不定距离的指示代词。</p>
    <table width="50%" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
      <tr>
        <th scope="col">形容词</th>
        <th scope="col">名词</th>
        <th scope="col">中文</th>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td align="center" class="HarinNifik">sol</td>
        <td align="center" class="HarinNifik">sole</td>
        <td align="center">这（近指）</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td align="center" class="HarinNifik">piel</td>
        <td align="center" class="HarinNifik">piele</td>
        <td align="center">那（远指）</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td align="center" class="HarinNifik">go</td>
        <td align="center" class="HarinNifik">goe</td>
        <td align="center">定冠词，中指</td>
      </tr>
    </table></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td valign="middle"><p><strong>疑问</strong></p>
      <p>疑问句语序与陈述句相同。</p>
      <p>1.一般疑问句用<span class="HarinNifik">lep'</span>[动词]或<span class="HarinNifik">lere</span>置于动词后或句尾表达。如：</p>
      <p><span class="HarinNifik">Go chat lep'raic gytof?.</span> 这只猫追狗吗?</p>
      <p><span class="HarinNifik">Go chat raic gytof lere?.</span> 这只猫追狗吗? </p>
      <p>2.选择疑问句用<span class="HarinNifik">lefer</span>连接选项。如：</p>
      <p><span class="HarinNifik">Oe mime teeke lefer ginge?.</span>你喜欢红色还是绿色？      </p>
      <p>3.特殊疑问词如下：</p>
      <table width="50%" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
        <tr>
          <th scope="col">词性</th>
          <th scope="col">立准语</th>
          <th scope="col">中文</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td align="center">形容词</td>
          <td align="center" class="HarinNifik">lertci'/tci'</td>
          <td align="center">什么，哪个</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td align="center">名词</td>
          <td align="center" class="HarinNifik">lertci/tci</td>
          <td align="center">什么</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td align="center">名词</td>
          <td align="center" class="HarinNifik">lai</td>
          <td align="center">谁</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td align="center">动词</td>
          <td align="center" class="HarinNifik">lerčil</td>
          <td align="center">做什么，怎么办</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td align="center">形容词</td>
          <td align="center" class="HarinNifik">lerlab/pu lab</td>
          <td align="center">什么样</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td align="center">副词</td>
          <td align="center" class="HarinNifik">lerpže</td>
          <td align="center">为什么</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td align="center">名词/副词</td>
          <td align="center" class="HarinNifik">tci'cruasle/tcus</td>
          <td align="center">哪里</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td align="center">副词</td>
          <td align="center" class="HarinNifik">lepost'</td>
          <td align="center">多大程度</td>
        </tr>
      </table></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td valign="middle"><p><strong>从句</strong></p>
    <p>1.名词性从句一般无任何标记。如：</p>
    <p><span class="HarinNifik">Da tasu chat raic gytof hu wusgy.</span> 我知道猫在院子里追狗。</p>
    <p>2.后置定语从句用<span class="HarinNifik">pu</span>引导，前置的用<span class="HarinNifik">gu。</span>在从句中提到被修饰词时用<span class="HarinNifik">pa</span>代替。如：</p>
    <p><span class="HarinNifik">Sole  ši chat pu raic gytof./Sole ši raic gytof gu chat./Sole ši pa raic gytof gu chat.</span>这是追狗的猫。</p></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td align="center" valign="middle">©2018 立准语言协会<br><a href="#bub">返回顶部</a> <a href="..">返回主页</a></td>
  </tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
